and this one was published in 1973 – file to come

Fisheries report provides useful information

A Shuswap Passion Column by Jim Cooperman

April 14, 2016

The Fraser Basin Council recently released a comprehensive report that analyzes the condition of the local salmon habitat management area. Given that the Shuswap Lakes region is considered to be the “most socially, economically and ecologically important” large aquatic ecosystem in the province, high quality resource management should be required, yet the report indicates that problems abound.

After many decades of intensive resource use, including forestry, agricultural, dams and urban settlement, there have been significant detrimental impacts and the report provides many of the details. Despite numerous restoration efforts, the loss of habitat in some areas continues to be significant and yet the ability of government agencies to monitor conditions and enforce regulations has been diminished in recent years.

At one time the salmon run on the Upper Adams River was as large or even larger than the world famous run on the lower river. It was wiped out when the Adams River Logging Company built a splash dam just below Adams Lake that blocked passage to the spawning salmon.  The report describes how efforts to restock the river were initially successful, with a record return of 75,000 in the year 2000, but by 2014, the number had dropped to only 5,500. Enhancement efforts may continue in 2018.

The report identifies forestry as the major cause of environmental disturbance to salmon habitat because it can significantly alter hydrological regimes. Clearcutting and road building changes the timing of peak flows in streams, increases slope instability and erosion and can result in sedimentation. Natural disturbances including wildfires, insects and diseases can add to these impacts.

The key measurement statistic is called the “equivalent clearcut area (ECA)” and this is provided for every drainage area that includes salmon habitat. Once the ECA is above 20 percent due to logging, pests and fires, impacts can intensify. The source of this data was obtained through Watershed Assessment Procedures that were routinely done in the 1990s with government funding. Unfortunately, these assessments are no longer available due to the move to ‘results-based” in forest management that occurred in the last decade.

The second greatest impact on salmon habitat is from agriculture, which decreases streambank stability, increases erosion, increases stream temperatures, depletes water levels through irrigation and adds excess nutrients, which can reduce water quality. The report identifies the three drainages where agriculture has had the greatest impact, the Shuswap River, Salmon River and Eagle River. The vast majority of the phosphorus entering the watershed is attributable to agriculture and most of that comes from the estimated 62 dairy farms.

Other resources uses that can damage salmon habitat are identified that include urban development, highway construction, railway structures, recreation, toxic spills, mining and dams. Fortunately mining is not an issue in the Shuswap, however there are concerns about the proposed Ruddock Creek zinc mine in the Upper Adams drainage.

The major recreational impact is the damage done to wetlands from mud bogging and ATV misuse. The Wilsey Dam near Lumby has blocked salmon access to prime habitat upstream since it was built in 1929 and efforts continue to convince BC Hydro to construct a fish ladder.

For every drainage there is a table of management strategies designed to protect fish habitat that include such activities as restoring riparian zones, promoting stream stewardship, control siltation, ensure water withdrawals do not create low summer flows, and encourage better enforcement of existing laws. Unfortunately, the status of many of these strategies is either unknown or incomplete. And given the federal and provincial government’s changes to forestry and fisheries management, the ability of staff to make improvements has been severely compromised.

While this report provides extensive details about the Shuswap Watershed and should be of interest to anyone wanting to learn more about our region, it does leave out some important information and analysis. Given that the report is an update to the 1997 study, it only provides the percentage of each watershed logged since that date, rather than the total. As well, there is no discussion of the role that climate change is likely to have on fish habitat, including more intense storms, droughts, fires and forest pests.

Comprehensive Shuswap ethnology now available

Click here to find the link: The Shuswap by James Teit

January 30, 2015

The most authoritative treatise every written about the Shuswap people is now available thanks in part to the Shuswap Watershed Project. Famed ethnologist, James Teit’s book, The Shuswap, was originally published in 1909 as Part VII of The Jesup North Pacific Expedition, edited by Franz Boas and published as a Memoir of the American Museum of Natural History. Teit’s work has served as an essential reference for every book written about the Shuswap peoples since and yet the only copies of the book available for public use were in the Kamloops Library reference section and the Secwepemc Museum.

Another of Teit’s works on the Thompson Indians, which was Volume One of the Jesup Expedition series, was re-published as a paperback by the Nicola Valley Museum Archive Association in 1997.

“Ever since I managed to get a photocopy of The Shuswap in the late 1980s for research, I have wanted to see this 346-page book become more assessable for students, researchers and the public,” explained Jim Cooperman, Shuswap Watershed Project coordinator and local historian. “We were in the process of making this important book available online as a PDF file when I learned that the American Museum recently uploaded it, and now we have also made it available at watershed.shuswappassion.ca,” he elaborated. In addition, a printed copy has also been gifted to the Salmon Arm library.

As well, there will be a link soon at salmonarmmuseum.org and R. J. Haney House Heritage Village and Museum Curator Deborah Chapman exclaimed, “I was thrilled to learn about this digital copy of a very fragile resource we have in our archives at the Salmon Arm Museum. Teit’s study is now easily accessed from any computer connected to the web! Finally, everyone has the opportunity to learn about the indigenous people of the Shuswap from a much respected and valuable primary source.”

The 346-page book consists of 15 chapters that cover nearly all aspects of their lives, including social structure, clothing, subsistence, warfare and religion.  The last two chapters provide 107 myths, the ancient oral legends that were passed down from generation to generation and contain many of the teachings that both guided and entertained families through the ages.

In the preface to the book, Teit explains how the description of the Shuswap was the result of studies he made at the request of Dr. Frank Boas during exploration trips made from 1887 until 1904. He collected the bulk of his information from several old men in the vicinity of Canoe Creek and Dog Creek in the Chilcotin country and especially from a very intelligent old man called Sixwi’lexken, who was born near Big Bar. Since his book is based on interviews with elders who lived to the north and west of the Shuswap, one should be aware that the information provided may not fully typify the ancient lifestyles of the local Lakes Division of the Shuswap Nation.

“I hope that one day funding can be found to re-publish Teit’s Shuswap ethnology as a soft-cover book so that it can be made even more accessible to students and the public,” added Cooperman. “Hopefully, making the book available online will help raise awareness of the importance of this key resource,” he added.

Contact:

Jim Cooperman, Shuswap Watershed Project, 679-3693

Deborah Chapman, Curator, Salmon Arm Museum, 832-5453